Troy Versus Homers Illiad Example For Students

Troy Versus Homers Illiad When comparing the movie Troy, directed by Wolfgang Petterson, and The Iliad, written by Greek poet Homer we can clearly see that although Petterson has made an excellent film he has clearly left out certain aspects of the Iliad which really define the story. Both versions portray the Trojan War between Greece and Troy, Achilles killing Hector and King Priam visiting Achilles to ask for the body of his son Hector back. However both versions do not portray accurate versions of the fight between Menelaus and Paris, nor do they correctly explain why Helen has come to reside in Troy nor does the movie portray the proper burial rights of the Greeks. This is due to the absence of the Gods and Goddesses in the movie. We will write a custom essay on Troy Versus Homers Illiad specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Now in order to compare the two we must first explore what the movie and story are both about and the story each one follows. The Iliad starts 9 years after the beginning of the Trojan War with the Achaean (Greek) army raiding the town of Chryse and taking two women, Chrysies and Briseis. Agamemnon claims Chrysies and Achilles claims Briseis. Neither however counted the fact that Chrysies’ father, Chryses was a Priest of Apollo. After Chryses offers a huge reward for the return of his daughter and Agamemnon refuses he then prays to Apollo who in return sends a Plague upon the Achaean camp. Agamemnon consults the prophet and learns he must return his prize but in return he demands Briseis. Once hearing this, Achilles refuses to fight any longer in the war and holes himself up inside his tent. Achilles filled with his own rage and stupidity, asks his mother Thetis is ask Zeus to join the side of the Trojans, the Army the Achaeans are fighting against. Zeus complies and starts to bring his rage down upon the Achaean camp. Finally Achilles feels bad about the actions that he has taken but still refuses to fight. He proposes a plan with Nestor that his friend Patroclus will go into battle wearing his armour in order to raise the spirits of the Achaean army. This plan backfires and Patroclus ends up dead due to Apollo knocking him to the ground and Hector slaying him. Achilles now filled with rage about the death of his dear friend Patroclus, decides it is his time to fight and rides out to battle. He slays every Trojan insight and even fights the river god Xanthus until he comes upon Hector. Achilles chases Hector around until Athena tricks Hector into turning around to fight Achilles, knowing that it will mean Hectors death. Once Achilles lands the final blow he straps Hectors body to the back of his chariot and drags the body around Patroclus’ funeral bier for 9 days. His body however does not become tarnished as the Gods have put a protective spell on it. The gods all finally agree that Hector deserves a proper burial and they send Hermes to escort King Priam, Hectors father, to Achilles tent in order to ask for his son’s body back. Achilles gives up the body and Hector receives his hero’s burial. The movie Troy follows a slightly different story. The movie opens with Agamemnon advancing his army towards Thessaly. King Triopas (King of Thessaly) bargains with Agamemnon, arguing that they should each present their best fighters and the fight can decide who wins rather than having a war. Achilles easily wins the fight and Agamemnon gains control over Thessaly. Meanwhile we see the Princes of Troy, Hector and Paris, in the Banquet hall belonging to King Menelaus of Sparta. Paris sneaks off to meet Helen, Menelaus’ wife and convinces her to return to Troy with him. Once Menelaus finds out he vows to get revenge on Troy and asks for the help of his brother Agamemnon. Achilles and his young cousin Patroclus are enlisted to help get revenge on Troy. Achilles goes to seek advice from his mother who warns him that if he goes to battle against Troy he will find eternal glory but he will be doomed to die, but if he stays and does not fight he will find love, raise a family and die as an old man, happy with life. Achilles with his love to fight joins the war against Troy, not believing in what his mother has foretold of his fate. Once they land on the shores of Troy, the immediately sack a nearby town which includes a temple of Apollo and Achilles takes one of the Priestesses, Briseis, as his prize, unbeknown to him that she is the cousin of Hector and Paris. Agamemnon begins to claim that Briseis was his spoil of war which angers Achilles to the point in which he vows that one day Agamemnon will fall under his sword. We then see a clip of Helen attempting to leave Troy as she believes if she returns to Menelaus it will prevent more lives from being lost. Hector sees her and persuades her to stay, telling her she is a princess of Troy now. The next day, Agamemnon as his army march to Troy and demand the return of Helen or a war would break out. Hector offers up his brother Paris to fight Menelaus in order to decide who would get to keep Helen. Just before Menelaus can deliver the death blow, Paris crawls to his brother’s feet and hides behind him in cowardice. Hector then delivers the death blow to Menelaus which sparks of the beginning of the fighting. As the fighting progresses on the battle field we see clips of Achilles and Briseis and we see that they have begun to fall in love. Achilles makes plans to return home with Briseis and his beloved cousin Patroclus. As dawn approaches on the battle field we see Achilles riding into battle which shocks everyone but raises their spirits, unbek nown to everyone it is actually Patroclus wearing Achilles armour. Hector slits Achilles throat then removes his helmet to find that it is not Achilles like everyone believed it to be but Patroclus. Hector who is now regretting what he has done, drives his sword through Patroclus’ chest to finish him off. Achilles filled with rage at the loss of his cousin rides into battle against the Trojans and slays Hector right outside the walls of Troy. That night Achilles is visited by King Priam asking for the return of his son’s body, as Achilles had taken it after slaying him. Priam explains to Achilles that Hector didn’t know that it was Patroclus underneath the armour and asks Achilles how many brothers and cousins he has killed in his time. He weeps over Hectors body before giving it back to Priam and he allows Briseis to return to Troy with him. After not being attacked for 12 days the Trojans travel to the Greek camp to find a giant wooden horse, something they believe to be a gift of surrender. This is where the myth of the Trojan horse is intertwined with the story. The Trojans take the horse into the city walls, unbeknown that it contains a whored of Greek soldiers. Once night fall has appeared the Greeks begin to attack, breaking free from the horse. Achilles runs to be with Briseis but as he is with her Paris shoots him in the back of his heel, killing him. The Greeks win the battle and in the closing scene of the film we see Achilles body on a funeral pyre within the ruins of Troy. .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 , .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 .postImageUrl , .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 , .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9:hover , .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9:visited , .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9:active { border:0!important; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9:active , .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9 .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u30419fa3e06383736fc9cc0c965013e9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC): Its Role and History EssayAs we can see from reading over both telling of the story, they appear greatly different. The Iliad only covers a small amount of the battle of Troy compared the movie which attempts to portray the whole war in a matter of days instead of the 11 + years the war raged on. The Iliad also has a proper representation of burial in comparison to the movie; Homer dedicated a whole book of the Iliad to the ideals of Greek Burial. In the movie we see incorrect burials of both Patroclus and Achilles. In the movie we see them being burnt straight away on the funeral pyre instead of the detailed burial rights they received in the Iliad such as the coins over their eyes to pay the ferryman Chiron and the proper funeral procession before dawn. This feature upset me as Peterson objective in this movie was to portray the Greeks in an accurate was using the Iliad as his starting point yet he has failed to do so. Another aspect of the movie I feel does not reflect the Iliad was the lack of inclusion involving the Gods. In the Iliad the Greek Gods played a large part of the story and in comparison with the movie they don’t really play a role at all, they are non-existent. Homer really emphasized the Gods, including them in all aspects of his books. Homer has also emphasized that they were the cause of the Trojan War, bringing us back to a story which occurred just before the Iliad at the beginning of the Trojan War in which Paris was chosen to be the judge of a beauty contest involving Athena, Artemis and Aphrodite. He chose Aphrodite and as a reward he gained her favour and was allowed any woman in the word he so desired. Paris being young and now thinking of the consequences he chose Helen of Sparta (who then became known as Helen of Troy). This enraged Menelaus, Helens husband and he declared was on Troy. We can compare this to the movie Troy which shows us that the cause of the war also Helen going to Troy but not because she was compelled by Aphrodite but because she had fallen in love with Paris, she went to Troy on her own free will knowing the consequences that would occur. In the Iliad Aphrodite saves Paris’ life during the fight between him and Menelaus. Just before he goes to deliver the death blow, Aphrodite blows in a storm and whisks Paris back to his chambers to be with Helen. Menelaus becomes enraged and then he declares war. We can compare this to the movie in which just before Menelaus delivers the death, Paris crawls to his brother’s feet in cowardice and then Hector slays Menelaus. Both these scenes though meant to be the same are rather different as one results in the death of Menelaus and the other does not. Other gods are also portrayed in the Iliad such as Hermes, who guides King Priam to Achilles tent safely so that he can ask for the return of his son Hectors body while in the movie; King Priam makes the journey by himself. Apollo is another God who is largely featured in the Iliad but not in the movie. Apollo is one of the central figures in the Iliad as he is the one who sends the plague upon the Achaean camp and he allows Hector to kill Patroclus which leads Achilles to become involved in the war again. Apollo was the one who really kick started off the fighting between the two rival armies even though he is not the God of war. Hephaestus, a god often forgotten was once again forgotten in the movie. He did play a part in the Iliad however. He forged Achilles new armour for him as a favour to Thetis before Achilles went to battle. These forgotten aspects in the movie really enraged me as Petersons ideals in the movie Troy were to try and accurately show Greek lifestyle and war yet he failed by leaving out a huge aspect which was involved in this, the Gods and Goddesses of Olympus. I personally feel that the movie should have included the Gods as many others like myself most likely feel the same. The gods were an essential part of Greek lifestyle. The bases of their entire civilization were based upon the will of the Gods and Peterson has seemed to just forget this. One more difference between the Iliad and Troy which managed to frustrate me immensely was the incorrect representation of Briseis in the movie and the complete lack of Chrysies. In the Iliad the kidnapping of Chrysies is what started the plague in the Achaean camp, another aspect that seemed to be forgotten, which then led to Achilles anger as Chrysies was returned and Briseis became wanted by Agamemnon and his eventual refusal to fight. In the movie Chrysies has just seemed to vanish from existence and Briseis is now a cousin of Hector and Paris. Not to mention that in the film Achilles wasn’t planning to fight as he wished to be with Briseis as he had fallen in love with her. The film portrays Homers character of Briseis completely wrong and has forgotten a main catalyst character. As someone who had knowledge of the Iliad before seeing the film it utterly enraged me. As one can obviously see Wolfgang Peterson has made an incorrect representation of Greek lifestyle and war and I personally hope that if he makes another movie which originally was a book I will never have to see it. I also hope that he comes to his senses and makes another proper representation of what he wanted to achieve.

Free Essays on Human Rights

We are Our Brothers Keepers It is the moral obligation and duty of the United States to intervene when other countries violate human rights. According to the Constitution of the United States, it citizens preserve certain human rights such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. There are many countries, which do not hold the same beliefs that the United States presents to its citizens. There have been many situations where the U.S. has intervened in the violation of human rights in other countries. Although not all countries have the same type of declaration of human rights, there should be limits on what can be done to citizens from any country. There are many moral issues at stake. Should other countries be allowed to mistreat, torture, or even in some cases kill their citizens? The answer to this question is definitely no. It is the moral responsibility of the United States to continue intervening in the violation of human rights in other countries. There should be certain things that no human bei ng should do to any other for any reason. Some of these countries are misusing their powers and there is no one there to stop them from doing so. In the world today we are faced with many dilemmas between civil and political rights. It is very important that each citizen must obtain these privileges and have equal opportunities. Every man or woman should have the freedom to speak out about his or her government and legislation with out fear of imprisonment or death. If the United States does not intervene when there are violations of human rights, there may very well never be a stop to it. The Holocaust of the 1930s can be used as an example of such treatment toward the citizens of Germany. Who gave one individual the power to segregate, mistreat, and kill people from their own country? Citizens of Germany (Jews) were victims of this situation because of their religious beliefs. The Jewish people did not have the military p... Free Essays on Human Rights Free Essays on Human Rights We are Our Brothers Keepers It is the moral obligation and duty of the United States to intervene when other countries violate human rights. According to the Constitution of the United States, it citizens preserve certain human rights such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. There are many countries, which do not hold the same beliefs that the United States presents to its citizens. There have been many situations where the U.S. has intervened in the violation of human rights in other countries. Although not all countries have the same type of declaration of human rights, there should be limits on what can be done to citizens from any country. There are many moral issues at stake. Should other countries be allowed to mistreat, torture, or even in some cases kill their citizens? The answer to this question is definitely no. It is the moral responsibility of the United States to continue intervening in the violation of human rights in other countries. There should be certain things that no human bei ng should do to any other for any reason. Some of these countries are misusing their powers and there is no one there to stop them from doing so. In the world today we are faced with many dilemmas between civil and political rights. It is very important that each citizen must obtain these privileges and have equal opportunities. Every man or woman should have the freedom to speak out about his or her government and legislation with out fear of imprisonment or death. If the United States does not intervene when there are violations of human rights, there may very well never be a stop to it. The Holocaust of the 1930s can be used as an example of such treatment toward the citizens of Germany. Who gave one individual the power to segregate, mistreat, and kill people from their own country? Citizens of Germany (Jews) were victims of this situation because of their religious beliefs. The Jewish people did not have the military p... Free Essays on Human Rights It is common that human beings everywhere demand the realization of diverse values to ensure their individual and overall well being. Every American citizen has the ability to live his or her life free and full of equality, while also taking further steps in having a voice and power. As human rights extends its authority throughout many countries, it provides for people to live according to these and other desires. Yet there are still many problems that can oppose these rights that are given to us. On December 10, 1948, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted and proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which then set the standards for human living. People now could express themselves in many ways without being abused from the severe political, legal, and social perspectives. They are enforced to governments, requiring compliance and enforcement so that they can’t deny our rights. These rights help us to be independent as well as be safe from any injustice that may occur. New laws, such as no distinction among races, sexes, language, religion, etc., formed a union of people who can accept one another and not segregate anyone. Justice is taking in effect when our rights grant us the freedom of equality before the law without any discrimination and not be subjected to arbitrary arrest. People can also be proven innocent under a grand jury instead of just being prosecuted as being guilty. Other Articles of this declaration, such as issues involving security, liberty, political, due process, welfare, and group rights, helps better unionize the people of the world. All these rights are here to protect us form many forms of injustice, yet there is still groups of people who deny these rights given to us. Many groups still have discrimination against people who they think is not suitable for the way of life because of them being who they are or what they do. The Ku Klux Klan, for example, condemns the righ... Free Essays on Human Rights The article â€Å"Human Rights as a Common Concern† by Charles R. Beitz a professor of government at Bowdoin College published in â€Å"American Political Science† review. As shown by the title of the article it is about the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the human rights of everyone in individual nation-states. â€Å"The global human rights regime is almost certainly more influential today then at any time since World War I† (Beitz 269). The rights have been influential in the U.S. the most in the last few weeks. Beitz points out international human rights as partisan standards. His fist thought is what the international recognized human rights and the five separated categories. â€Å"The rights of the person refer to life, liberty, and the security or the person; rights associated with the rule of law include equal recognition; political rights encompass freedom of expression; economic and social rights refer to and adequate standard of living; rights of communities include self-determination and protection of minority cultures† (Beitz 271). As you look at these rights that are recognized by the nation-states they look very similar to the United States Bill of Rights. After the five categories Beitz tells about the rights of the individual nation-state gives to its people, for example, the FGM in Sahelian African. The following section, Beitz discusses neutrality and paternalism. â€Å" The evident partisanship of international human rights doctrine has led some philosophers to suggest that we should distinguish between the full set of values recognized as human rights in international law and or human rights proper† (Beitz 272). He also illustrates moral codes, different moralities and global moral pluralism. He gives the example of R.J. Vincent and his book about the â€Å"core of basic rights that is common to all cultures despite the apparently divergent theories.† Beitz also gives several other examples to support hi...

Understanding the Argument Against Eating Veal

Understanding the Argument Against Eating Veal Veal is the meat from young calves (as opposed to beef, which is the meat from adult cows). Along with foie gras and shark fins, veal has a bad reputation because of the extreme confinement and cruelty involved in the way veal calves are raised on factory farms. From an animal rights perspective, eating calves violates the calves right to freedom and life, regardless of how well they are treated when they are being raised. As far as animal activists are concerned, theres no right way to eat veal. Mistreatment and Early Slaughter Veal is meat that comes from the flesh of a slaughtered calf (young cow). It is known for being pale and tender, which is a result of the animal being confined and anemic. Typically, instead of living on his mothers milk, the calf is fed a synthetic formula that is intentionally low in iron to keep the animal anemic and keep the flesh pale. The calves used in veal production are a by-product of the dairy industry. Adult female cows used in dairy production are kept pregnant in order to keep up their milk supply. The males who are born are useless because they do not make milk and they are the wrong breed of cow to be useful in beef production. About half of the female calves will be raised to become dairy cows like their mothers, but the other half are turned into veal. Calves destined to become veal spend most of their eight-to-sixteen-week lives confined to small wooden or metal cages known as  veal crates. This prison is barely larger than the calfs body  and too small for the animal to turn around. Calves are also sometimes tethered so that they dont move around too much, which keeps the flesh tender. Fortunately, veal crates have been banned in some states including California, Arizona, and Maine. Bob and Slink Veal Bob veal and slink veal come from newborn calves which were just a few days or weeks old at slaughter. Slink and slink veal comes from unborn, premature, or stillborn calves. Unborn calves are sometimes found when an adult cow is slaughtered and happens to be pregnant at the time of slaughter. Meat from unborn calves is now illegal for human consumption in the U.S., Canada, and some other countries, but their hides are used for boots and upholstery and their blood is used for science. As crates are being phased out, bob veal is gaining in popularity. Without the confinement of a crate, the calves move around and their muscles toughen. Because the calves slaughtered for bob veal are so young, their muscles have not yet developed and are very tender, which is considered desirable. Is humane veal a real commodity? Some farmers now offer humane veal, meaning meat from calves that are raised without veal crates. While this addresses some peoples concerns about veal, animal advocates tend to believe that humane veal is an oxymoron. From an animal rights perspective, it doesnt matter how much room the calves have before they are slaughtered- theyre still slaughtered! The animal rights goal is not to give the calves more room or to feed them a more natural diet, but for people to stop eating these meats altogether and switch to a  vegan lifestyle.

Family Pet German Sherpard named Sam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Family Pet German Sherpard named Sam - Essay Example This is his flag signaling friendship. This black merges with the soft brown that covers the rest of his body, and enhances his sharp white teeth set in strong jaws, his black button eyes, and long pink tongue. The black eyes seem to sparkle each time he sees a family member, and the long pink tongue is extended as if to extend a warm greeting. Sam’s majestic â€Å"WOOF† is typical of his specie: strong and commanding. It is a wake-up call. The lieutenant calls all to attention; and if you were a stranger, or someone who is easily scared, then you would be forced to freeze into the poster of a soldier on parade. Sam rests by lying down, almost absorbed into the carpet, doormat, chair, or any area that allows him to comfortably blend his soft body, stretching his long, sturdy front legs out in front, and resting his large well shaped head on them. Many times he sits on his equally well- built hind legs and assumes a stately air. This is when he demands that the tiny white spot on his chest, like a lone star, is noticed and get stroked. He keels over like a boat on the ocean. He rolls himself into a fluffy black and brown ball, and whimpers with pleasure. His huge well- manicured paws, showing soft brown padding, reach out to you to return the favor. At these times, Sam is famous for letting out low happy growls that seem like chuckles, and sometimes like spoken words. By scientific standards, Sam has reached midlife but this definitely does not show because his behaviour brings out the youth in him. He is only six years old, and still going strong. He has the energy of a typical child of this age. He is worth his weight in gold, weighing fifty kilograms and showing no signs of fat. He is a healthy dog that is quite friendly with members of the family, both expecting and allowing each person to spend time with him exchanging a handshake, rubbing his head, or being

Marketing Of Services- Music Retailers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Of Services- Music Retailers - Essay Example The existence of certain sites that stream music for free has impacted greatly on the music industry in the UK. Deezer’s Europe vice-president Gerrit Schumann said: â€Å"A lot of people are not willing to pay for music, but they’re engaged with it, and that’s the first point. We see a lot of people coming to us who don’t buy CDs anymore,†. It is very easy to get a free trial of music and this has impacted on the music retail sector. The other element that is impacting the music industry in the UK is piracy. Through the use of computer-aided communication technology, the pirates can copy original music and make counterfeit copies that often find their way on the market through the back door. This practice has significantly impacted on copyright infringement of the musicians and it has become a challenging task for the artists, marketers, and distributors of music to operate viably in the face of such malpractices taking place in daylight. The other issue is that it is pretty difficult to curtail piracy and a lot of money in this industry are lost through such unorthodox channels. It can be seen that the music retailers are faced with different challenges in their operations through the industry still remains a source of revenue in the economy. The service challenges likely to be faced in this sector vary depending on each characteristic of the service going to be discussed in detail below. Strydom has observed that one of the characteristics of a service is that it is intangible.

Harley Davidson History Essay Example for Free

Harley Davidson History Essay Actually, the history of the Harley-Davidson Company began in 1903, when two brothers, Bill Harley and Walter Davidson, invented their first motorcycle in Milwaukee (Gannon, 2002, p. 8). At that period of time other companies produced motorcycles in the North-American states and one of them, the Indian Motorcycle Company, became the main competitor of Harley-Davidson for many years. In fact, it was a bicycle, equipped with a one-cylinder motor. All details of that motorcycle were produced manually. Later, the second version of that bike was produced with more powerful motor and it became the first motorcycle for sale (p. 10). Three bikes were assembled that year and the Harley-Davidson Company opened the first page of its history. In 1904, the brothers produced 8 motorcycles and in 1906 it were 50. The company developed very quickly and by that period of time it included about 20 employees hired. Harley-Davidson constantly aspired to create a high speed bike and as a result the new model known as V-twin was introduced in 1909. The specially designed vacuum valves and a belt transmission were the main features of that model (Oliver, 1957, p. 26). In 1910, the legendary Bar and Shield logo was developed. It continues to be the main defining symbol of Harley-Davidson bikes today (p. 28). The significant progress of the Harley-Davidson Company took place in 1912. A new 6-story factory was built and first overseas sales were made in Japan. That year Harley-Davidson presented its first version of gear box. The mechanism of chain gear was designed in 1913 and a three-speed sliding-gear transmission was developed in 1915 (p. 32). It should be emphasized that the First World War played a big role in the development of the Harley-Davidson Company. So, about 20,000 motorcycles were sold to the U. S. military forces by the end of 1918 (Walker, 2000, p. 67). The given order significantly improved the reputation of Harley-Davidson and having 2,000 additional dealerships worldwide the company managed to become the biggest motorcycle factory in the world (Oliver, 1957, p. 34). Improving the construction of V-twin motors, company’s constructors couldn’t get rid of the main problems, typical for the given class of motors. The opened valves often clogged up and had a lot of maintenance problems. At that time, Indian Motorcycle Company used another construction of V-motors. Though, theoretically that construction was less effective the engineers managed to bring it to perfection and got the maximal power and maintenance simplicity. For that reason, the administration of the Harley-Davidson Company took decision to create its own class of V-motors with longitudinal placement. The first pattern of that bike appeared in the last days of the second decade (p. 35). The new model, equipped with the Flathead V-twin engine was invented in 1929 (Walker, 2000, p. 72). The motors of the given model were equipped with side-valves and the classical Flathead could successfully compete with the production of the Indian Motorcycle Company. Unfortunately, Flathead appeared two months earlier the moment when the Great Depression began. The number of sales decreased in several times, but the company managed to survive when others went bankrupt. However, having survived the depression time the company managed to stabilize its economy and was in very advantageous position – huge demand and the absence of supply. In 1932, the three-wheel Servi-Car was developed (Oliver, 1957, p. 38). Together with the change, called as the eagle design, which was painted on all Harley-Davidson gas tanks, there were a lot of changes made in the engine’ s construction. Afterwards, the given model made a good impression on the U. S. police, as a result, Servi-Car managed to become police vehicle (p. 38). In 1936, the Knucklehead motorbike was invented and managed to become the victory over the Indian (p. 39). The given model took place on the market for 12 years and had a huge influence on the further developments. The engineers continued working on Knucklehead model even during the Second World War. Having changed the motor’s configuration and added the hydraulic device intended for pushing valves, the constructors managed to get rid of adjusting gaps. Due to the aluminum body of engine the motor’s heat emission was increased. Afterwards, bikers called that model – Penhead. The main event which took place in 1953, it was the collapse of the main competitor of Harley Davidson Indian Motorcycle Company (Walker, 2000, p. 88). Nevertheless, the company faced a lot of problems in the marketing field due to the fast development of Japanese and European motorbike companies. Thus, having sold the part of its stocks, Harley Davidson was involved in the cruel fight against foreign producers. In 1969, American Machine and Foundry Company bought the control packet of shares of Harley Davidson and became its actual owner (Oliver, 1957, p. 40). The new motorcycles had a negative impact on the company’s reputation and Harley Davidson began to lose the market of Big-twin and Sportster models. In 1971, FX Super Glide model was produced (p. 43). Although the given model wasn’t popular, Harley Davidson developed its further unique motorcycles on the basis of FX Super Glide. By the middle of 70-s the given models couldn’t cope with the production of Japanese competitors. As a result, in 1981 senior members of Harley-Davidson bought back Harley-Davidson Motor Company from AMF (Walker, 2000, p. 90). In 1983 the group H. O. G was founded and became the largest factory-sponsored motorcycle club in the world. By the year 2000, the club had over 500,000 members (Gannon, 2002, p. 15). In 1984, the new Evolution V2 model with an aluminum head was presented to public (Oliver, 1957, p. 42). At the end of this revolutionary decade for Harley-Davidson, the FXSTS Springer Softail model was introduced into the lineup. It was made on the basis of motorcycles of the 1940-s and equipped with the modern 1340 cc motor (Walker, 2000, p. 92). The appearance of the given engine allowed the Harley Davidson Company to produce many motorcycles by individual orders. So, introduction of such model as FLSTF Fat-Boy in the early 1990-s can be considered as a good evidence of that fact. In 2001, the new model of Harley-Davidson was presented for the 2002 model year. The main feature of the given model was suggested to be the modern engine, equipped with a liquid-cooled system. It should be pointed out that today the Harley Davidson Company takes the leading position in the business World, when demand exceeds supply, that allows to increase the prices of production and stock. References Gannon E. , Veno A. (2002). Brotherhoods: Inside the Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs. Crows Nest: Allen Unwin Oliver S. H. (1957). Automobiles and Motorcycles in the U. S. National Museum. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Walker S. M. (2000). Bikers: Culture, Politics and Power. New York: Berg

Abraham Lincoln :: essays research papers

Abraham Lincoln: a true American that made the United States a more unified nation, and a more peaceful place to be. Lincoln was a man of great wisdom and determination, and these traits are what made him into one of the greatest peacemakers of the time. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, a reconstruction plan, helped in ending the horrible Civil War, and many other great things in which made him such a remembered peacemaker.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lincoln brought peace to the slaves of the South by issuing one of his most famous documents: the Emancipation Proclamation. This document helped save the slaves everywhere in the United States. This is one of many things that Lincoln did, and maybe one of the most important. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued on January 1, 1863. It said, “Slaves within any state, or designated part of a state…then…in rebellion, …shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.'; This proclamation was the main cause of creating the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This was important because now there was a bigger sense of peace between the slaves, and the people that once owned them. This proclamation plays a big part of the peace that we have among the different people of the world today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lincoln also designed a plan known as the reconstruction. This construction plan would bring peace to the seceded states and Union, and would bring them back together in unity. This plan of reconstruction brought peace to the Confederacy and Union, because now the states that had once seceded from the Union now had a chance to get back in to be unified once again. Under this plan, Lincoln wanted to form 10 percent government. Under this plan, each individual state could form their own government. This brings peace to the individual state governments, because then these people got along better under their own laws, and didn’t have to worry about other people doing away with their setup. Reconstruction was a big part of unification for the United States, and formed a great deal of peace between the North and South.